Female smokers face a much greater risk of death from lung cancer and chronic obstructive lung disease today than they did 20 or 40 years ago, reflecting changes in smoking behavior according to research published Jan. 23 in The New England Journal of Medicine. The increase in risk of death from lung cancer and lung disease in female smokers has been large enough to completely offset improvements in longevity from medical advances that have reduced death rates in the rest of the population during the last 50 years.
The analysis included data from the Women’s Health Initiative, a national study coordinated by the Hutchinson Center, and WHI investigator Dr. Ross Prentice of Public Health Sciences was a co-author. The study was led by Dr. Michael Thun, recently retired vice president emeritus of the American Cancer Society.
The researchers found that women smokers today smoke more like men than women in previous generations, beginning earlier in adolescence and, until recently, smoking more cigarettes per day (consumption peaked among female smokers in the 1980s).
To find out if these changing patterns have caused women’s risk to converge with those in men, the researchers measured 50-year trends in mortality related to smoking across three time periods (1959-‘65, 1982-‘88 and 2000-‘10), by comparing five large contemporary studies with two historical ACS cohorts. In total, the study included more than 2.2 million adults 55 years and older.
Comparisons to rates in the 1960s
The researchers found for women who smoked in the 1960s, the risk of dying from lung cancer was 2.7 times higher than that of never-smokers. In the contemporary cohorts (2000-2010) the risk was 25.7 times higher than that of never-smokers. The risk of dying from chronic obstructive lung disease among female smokers was four times higher than that of never-smokers in the 1960s; in the contemporary cohort, this risk increased to 22.5 times higher than never-smokers. About half of the increase in risk of both conditions occurred during the last 20 years.
In male smokers, lung cancer risk plateaued at the high level observed in the 1980s, while the risk of death from chronic obstructive lung disease continues to increase for reasons that are unclear. Men and women smokers in the contemporary cohorts had nearly identically higher relative risks (compared to never-smokers) for lung cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, ischemic heart disease, stroke and other heart disease. This finding strongly confirms the observed prediction that "if women smoke like men, they will die like men."
Quitting counts at any age
The research also confirmed that quitting smoking at any age dramatically lowers mortality from all major diseases caused by smoking, and that quitting smoking is far more effective than reducing the number of cigarettes smoked. The study found smokers who quit by age 40 avoided nearly all of the excess smoking-related mortality from lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
"The steep increase in risk among female smokers has continued for decades after the serious health risks from smoking were well established, and despite the fact that women predominantly smoked cigarette brands marketed as lower in tar and nicotine," Thun said. "So not only did the use of cigarette brands marketed as ‘light’ and ‘mild’ fail to prevent a large increase in risk in women, it also may have exacerbated the increase in deaths from chronic obstructive lung disease in male smokers, since the diluted smoke from these cigarettes is inhaled more deeply into the lungs of smokers to maintain the accustomed absorption of nicotine."
Persistent smokers may live 10-20 fewer years
Another study appearing in the same issue of the NEJM looked at longevity among current, former, and never-smokers through the National Health Interview survey. That study, led by Dr. Prabhat Jha at St. Michael's Hospital at the University of Toronto, found that persistent lifetime smokers lose an average of about 10 years of life compared to never-smokers. Smokers who die prematurely lose about 20 years of life.
"The findings from these studies have profound implications for many developing countries where cigarette smoking has become entrenched more recently than in the United States," Thun said. "Together they show that the epidemic of disease and death caused by cigarette smoking increases progressively over many decades, peaking 50 or more years after the widespread uptake of smoking in adolescence. The good news is the benefits of smoking cessation occur much more quickly and are substantial at any age."
ACS, the National Institutes of Health, the National Cancer Institute, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute funded the study.
[Adapted from an American Cancer Society news release]
